Dr. Stefan Alfred
Groenewold – Dragon Institute,
College for Environment & Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Vietnam
The presentation approached 2 main questions:
(1) How did the ICAM approach change during the time, during the last ten years? How did it implemented in different ways in different sites?
(2) Which lessons we can learn and which good practices we possibly can transfer from experiences for the implementation of ICAM in Vietnam?
Few facts and figures of South East Asia were shown below, showing the state of natural and coastal resources of Vietnam (fish catch, aquaculture, coastal habitats such as mangroves, coral reefs…) as compared to those of the neighbors. Economic value of mangroves in South East Asia was estimated to be more than 5 billion USD (UNEP 2007). From the vulnerability map of physical climate change impacts, we can see that Vietnam is the highest rank among Philippines and followed by other countries, all of them are in the neighborhood. Vulnerability is closely related to the coastal population that can respond to coming challenges. It is not only the financial capacity but it is more of the state of education and other factors all included in the Human Index Development.
(1) How did the ICAM approach change during the time, during the last ten years? How did it implemented in different ways in different sites?
(2) Which lessons we can learn and which good practices we possibly can transfer from experiences for the implementation of ICAM in Vietnam?
Few facts and figures of South East Asia were shown below, showing the state of natural and coastal resources of Vietnam (fish catch, aquaculture, coastal habitats such as mangroves, coral reefs…) as compared to those of the neighbors. Economic value of mangroves in South East Asia was estimated to be more than 5 billion USD (UNEP 2007). From the vulnerability map of physical climate change impacts, we can see that Vietnam is the highest rank among Philippines and followed by other countries, all of them are in the neighborhood. Vulnerability is closely related to the coastal population that can respond to coming challenges. It is not only the financial capacity but it is more of the state of education and other factors all included in the Human Index Development.
 |
Facts
& Figures on South East Asia
|
It is very difficult to find regional indicators for how ICAM is implemented. One might be the protected areas, which are generally considered as quite effective tools for conservation and sustainable use of marine resources.
 |
| Malaysia has the highest percentage of territorial waters for marine protected areas. However, it does not say anything about the quality of the protected areas. That is another topic. We can see that it is not so bad as Vietnam is working at the moment (above Philippines, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Cambodia...) |
 |
ICAM
development in Southeast Asia has absorbed the mainstream topics in the last
years very fast.
Clouds
of components for ICAM
|
ICAM process and roadmap includes resource assessment, risk assessment, policy vision, participatory planning and spatial zoning, capacity development, vocational training, Information-Education Campaign (IEC), monitoring and evaluation.
The concept of ICAM revolves around key principles of environmental sustainability, precautionary principle & EIA (environmental impact assessment), equitable development, multiple sectoral approach and ecosystem based management. Whatever kind of activities we do in ICAM, they have to be conformed to these principles.
The USAid Fish project, one international player as one nice example showed how new mainstreamed topics of ecosystem based management, good governance and climate change adaptation are absorbed by the local coastal zone management in the Philippines. Lessons learned from the USAid Fish project are long term commitment, stepwise integration, multi-level intervention.
About ICAM knowledge network in South East Asia, there is just a few universities as knowledge centers that help and give technical advices. Other institutions in the knowledge network of all countries are the national Ministries for Environment, Fisheries, Planning, Marine Resources.
About Asian initiatives for ICM, two main active players were introduced which are SEAFDEC (South East Asian Fisheries Development Center) and PEMSEA (Partnership in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia). The following box showed 3 PEMSEA demonstration sites, with different ways of ICM implementation.
The concept of ICAM revolves around key principles of environmental sustainability, precautionary principle & EIA (environmental impact assessment), equitable development, multiple sectoral approach and ecosystem based management. Whatever kind of activities we do in ICAM, they have to be conformed to these principles.
The USAid Fish project, one international player as one nice example showed how new mainstreamed topics of ecosystem based management, good governance and climate change adaptation are absorbed by the local coastal zone management in the Philippines. Lessons learned from the USAid Fish project are long term commitment, stepwise integration, multi-level intervention.
About ICAM knowledge network in South East Asia, there is just a few universities as knowledge centers that help and give technical advices. Other institutions in the knowledge network of all countries are the national Ministries for Environment, Fisheries, Planning, Marine Resources.
About Asian initiatives for ICM, two main active players were introduced which are SEAFDEC (South East Asian Fisheries Development Center) and PEMSEA (Partnership in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia). The following box showed 3 PEMSEA demonstration sites, with different ways of ICM implementation.
Project
site
|
Chonburi, Thailand since 2001 160 km coastline 1.3 mio inhabitants 205 km2 sea 129 km2 land |
Sihanoukville, Cambodia since 2001 120 km coastline 130,000 inhabitants 3207 km2 sea 1283 km2 land |
Port Klang, Malaysia since 2001 54 km coastline 696,900 inhabitants 612 km2 sea 627 km2 land |
Main
components
|
Environmental risk assessment Mangrove rehabilitation Sustainable fishery (CFRM) Environmental friendly aquaculture Waste treatment program Solid waste program Sustainable tourism (island) Oil spill contingency plan 2010 ICAM workshops for municipalities Pollution control program Spawning Blue crab shelter project Sea turtle protection program |
Environmental monitoring Knowledge & skill development Fish catch survey Waste management Sustainable tourism Coastal Zoning training 2011 Information Education Campaigns Water pollution Mudcrab and swimming crab resource management project |
Marine resource assessment Mangrove rehabilitation Waste management Integrated River Basin Management Water pollution Erosion control program Wetland protection Strengthening law enforcement |
Principles
& Process
|
Increasing bottom up community based management, decentralisation |
Bottom up community based management, food security has highest priority |
More top down approach, but increasing community based management, strong law enforcement |
National
Program
|
Marine & Coastal Management act draft National Climate Change Adaptation plan 2008-2012 |
ICM policy draft but lack of capacity National Climate Change Adaptation plan 2007 Disaster Risk reduction strategy 2009 |
ICM policy by federal government, CZM plan 2006 – 2020 National Climate Change Adaptation plan 2007 |
Lessons
learned
|
Sharing knowledge with neighboring municipalities (up-scaling) Cross visits were inspiring |
Cambodia has little experience with ICM, therefore capacity building, vocational training and baseline survey have priority Information Education Campaigns create broad acceptance |
Water vision plan 2025 links river basin management with ICM Still weak institutional capacity at local level Inefficient use of funds Overlapping responsibilities of government agencies |
One example of transboundary ICAM implementation was the South China Sea project (2002-2008), which involved Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and China.
Four lessons learned for effective ICM implementation and coastal governance:
1. We should understand marine economy through having another perspective, not only focusing on protect the marine as habitat but also considering its sustaining value, economic value.
2. We should facilitate ecosystem based management. The concept is not so easy for application but it should have high priority in every activity.
3. Most important tool for the entire process is the marine spatial planning that involves different stakeholders, different interests on the same space.
4. Finally but extremely important is expanding capacity building in the region as far as possible by training and advanced education.
Main barriers for implementing ICM are no clear jurisdiction over coastal resources; political resistance of local government and people; local natural resources are controlled by a small selected stakeholder group.
In conclusion, fundamentally, successful ICAM implementation is site-specific! Information Education Campaigns (IEC) and local capacity is essential, especially in the starting phase of ICAM implementation. ICAM is suitable for highly industrialized areas as well as for rural areas. And finally, ICAM is a long-term commitment, a process that needs to be maintained regularly.
Four lessons learned for effective ICM implementation and coastal governance:
1. We should understand marine economy through having another perspective, not only focusing on protect the marine as habitat but also considering its sustaining value, economic value.
2. We should facilitate ecosystem based management. The concept is not so easy for application but it should have high priority in every activity.
3. Most important tool for the entire process is the marine spatial planning that involves different stakeholders, different interests on the same space.
4. Finally but extremely important is expanding capacity building in the region as far as possible by training and advanced education.
Main barriers for implementing ICM are no clear jurisdiction over coastal resources; political resistance of local government and people; local natural resources are controlled by a small selected stakeholder group.
In conclusion, fundamentally, successful ICAM implementation is site-specific! Information Education Campaigns (IEC) and local capacity is essential, especially in the starting phase of ICAM implementation. ICAM is suitable for highly industrialized areas as well as for rural areas. And finally, ICAM is a long-term commitment, a process that needs to be maintained regularly.
No comments:
Post a Comment